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| Maiden Tower (Azerbaijani: Qiz qalasi), Baku, Azerbaijan |
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| Baku's Holy Fire Temple-Tower (Maiden Tower), reconstruction by Prof Davud A.Akhundov |
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| Baku Maiden Tower, painting, Tahir Salahov |
The
Maiden Tower (Azerbaijani:
Qiz qalasi) is a legendary and world-famous landmark in Baku,
Azerbaijan; and since 2001, the tower, along with Baku's Walled City (Old City)
and the Palace of Shirvanshahs (Azerbaijani: Şirvanşahlar Sarayı), has been included on UNESCO's World Heritage
List.
Numerous scientific
sources have confirmed Baku’s Maiden Tower as being a paramount example of
Zoroastrianism and pre-Islamic architecture in Azerbaijan and Iran. In
particular, some archaeological and architectural evidence indicates the tower
to be the Holy Fire Temple-Tower of Zoroastrians, dating back to approximately
the eighth to seventh century BC. As scientists argue, the tower had seven fire
exits on the top, symbolizing the Zoroastrian "seven steps" or
"seven skies" to get to heaven.
Legends and mysteries
There exists a rich
pool of mysteries and legends related to Baku's Maiden Tower that have come
down to the present day. However, some key mysteries remain unresolved: What is
the tower's purpose? Why does the tower have the kind of design it has?
The tower is covered by a cloud
of legends and epics deeply rooted in Azerbaijan's history, religion, and
culture. Some legends have even become the subject of scenarios for ballets and
theatre plays that have themselves become part of Azerbaijan's national
heritage and identity. In particular, one such play is the Maiden Tower ballet,
a world-class Azerbaijani masterpiece created by the Azerbaijani composer
Afrasiyab Badalbeyli in 1940, of which a remake was performed in 1999.
Interestingly, up to
20 legends are related to the Maiden Tower, a large number of which connect to
Baku's medieval or Islamic period. However, at least two such legends, which have
come down to the present day, are deeply rooted in Azerbaijan's Zoroastrian or
pre-Islamic period. We believe that the most impressionable and colorful story
to come out of Baku's ancient Maiden Tower is the Zoroastrian legend of the
virgin girl savior with fire-colored hair.
Legend of
Fire-Color-Haired Virgin Girl Savior
A long time ago, there
existed the ancient town-fortress of Baku (Atāsh-i Baquan, God’s Fire). The
fortress had a Fire Temple-Tower. At one point in Baku's history, the enemy
managed to encircle the fortress. The enemy requested that Baku's people surrender;
but they refused. Consequently, the enemy launched a siege to demolish the
fortress and capture all the inhabitants into slavery. As a result, many
fortress defenders died while attempting to stop the enemy's attacks.
The enemy's commander
ordered the cutting of water supply lines in an attempt to overthrow the
fortress's defenders. Everybody in the fortress was thirsty. They had no water,
nor food only blood and death. The supreme Magi (Pahlavi: Maguš), together with the other priests, thus prayed
to the Holy Fire and was kept in the fortress's Fire Temple Tower, asking the
God Ahura
Mazdā to help and
protect people. They prayed day by day and night by night, appealing to the
All-Mighty and Merciful Ahura Mazdā to save their lives and push back the enemy.
Finally, Ahura Mazdā heard the Magi and people's prayers.
One day, people saw a large piece of the Holy Fire falling from the top of the
Fire Temple-Tower. A beautiful girl came up from the fire. She had long
fire-colored hair. The crowd went down on their knees and started to pray to
her. The girl said, not worry. I am here to help and protect you! Give me a
sword and helmet! The enemy must not see my girl's hair. Open a fortress
gate!"
Meanwhile, the enemy
commander was waiting outside for a one-on-one fight with the fortress
pahlevan. If the fortress pahlevan were to win the fight, the enemy's army
would subsequently back away. However, if the enemy commander were to win, the
fortress would be destroyed, and the surviving inhabitants would be enslaved.
The fortress gate
opened, and the enemy commander saw that the pahlevan is coming to fight. The
heavy battle began. In one of the god-blessing moments that ensued, the
fortress pahlevan unhorsed the enemy and put a knife directly on his neck. The
enemy commander screamed, "You win! Who are you? Take your helmet off. I
want to see your face, Pahlevan!" He took off the helmet and saw that the
fortress pahlevan was a beautiful girl with long, fire-colored hair. He
exclaimed, "Oh, you are a girl! You are a brave and beautiful girl! If the
girls of Baku are so brave, I will never capture your
fortress! Do not kill me, beauty!"
He fell in love with her
because of her beauty and bravery. He asked her to marry him. Surely, the girl
did not kill him. She fell in love with him too because of his open heart.
In the end, the enemy
did not capture the Baku fortress, and the locals named the tower the Maiden
Tower.
Second Legend of Fire-Color-Haired Virgin
Girl Savior
Long ago, the fortress
city of Bād-kube (Baku) was besieged by the enemy. Bād-kube had three lines of
defense walls, but they had all been encircled by the enemy.
The siege continued for more
than ninety days. Inside the fortress, close to the sea, there was a high and
black steaming tower-temple, in which old Zoroastrian rituals were performed to
save the Holy Fire. The temple’s principal Magus Egirwand executed old fire
rituals, proclaiming to the worshipers that: “Tomorrow, the Shah will be killed
by the unknown and virginal power.”
Suddenly, the temple
door was opened and a virgin girl with flaming hair came out. She was
illuminated by the temple’s holy fire and held a flaming sword in her hands.
Covered by the flame, she exited the temple and stood by the principal Magus.
The Magus said, “You must save the Holy City, a capital of eternal fires, and save
the Tower that created you!”
Thus, the moonfaced
flaming girl looked for the last time at the temple-tower and went into battle against
General Nureddin and his troops. She kept her promise and saved her countrymen.
But she fell in love with the enemy general, whom she killed with her sword. However,
she killed herself as well, stabbing her own shoulder with the sword and giving
her soul to the Holy Fire Temple. After her death, the winds of Khazri and
Gilavar blew strongly for seven days. Since then, the Temple’s fires have
stopped burning, and the Temple was named the Maiden Tower (Qiz Qalasi) after
the holy virgin girl savior.
Legend of Why Baku
Tower's Fires Stopped Burning
Once upon a time, the
enemy besieged the fortress of Baku. However, Baku's people refused
to give up. They decided to fight to the end and defend their lives. They
fought with great bravery, but the situation inside the fortress increasingly
worsened. The enemy launched a tight siege to overthrow the defenders and cut
off their water supply. Meanwhile, the supreme Magi (Maguš) and other priests prayed to the All-Mighty
God Ahura
Mazdā in the fortress's Holy
Fire Temple-Tower. They prayed to Ahura Mazdā for help.
After several days of nonstop praying, Ahura Mazdā heard the priests' and Magi's blessings. A strong and
devastating earthquake occurred, perishing the enemy troops. Thus, the All-Mighty Ahura
Mazdā destroyed the enemy and Baku's people escaped slavery, but the Holy
Fires stopped burning on top of Baku's Fire Temple-Tower.
Comments: Why is
Baku's Tower Named the Maiden Tower?
Intriguingly, except
for the legendary background, there is no historical explanation or
archaeological or written evidence describing why the tower was named the
Maiden Tower. In this case, however, we cannot exclude the possibility of exploring the religious explanation.
Indeed, we believe that the tower is named the Maiden Tower because it was never destroyed by the enemy. From the religious perspective, that means that the temple was never humiliated or desecrated by evil (Ahriman, or Avestan: Angra/Aŋra Mainyu). Therefore, if the tower wasn’t desecrated by enemy/evil (Ahriman), so it would continue to be a "virgin" (untouched) - hence, a "Maiden" Tower-Temple of Zoroastrian God Ahura Mazdā.
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| 4th-6th century silver and gilt Sassanian vessel assumed to be
depicting Anahita, (Cleveland Museum of Art, PA, USA) |
In the meantime, there is an unconfirmed hypothesis that Baku’s Maiden Tower is named a “Maiden” because the temple possibly is dedicated to two associated deities, Fire and Anāhitā and so it is Ādur-Anāhīd or Fire of Anāhitā. The Goddess Anāhitā is one of the major divinities in Zoroastrianism and is the goddess of purity, fertility, healing, wisdom, and water “she who possesses waters”.
Interestingly,
Sasanian King Shāpūr I (r. 240-270 CE) established many Bāhram fires for his
soul Xusraw Šāhbūhr and his daughter Xusraw Ādur-Anāhīd in Ērānšahr (Iran)
and surrounding lands.
Indeed, the tower has visible signs of the Sasanian construction methods, which are the same as in the fire temple in Ādur Gušnasp in Azerbaijan (Pahlavi: Ādurbādagān), (now Azar Goshnasp Fire Temple complex in Takht-e Soleyman, West Azerbaijan province, Iran) and in Darband fortress in Arrān (Caucasian Albania).
Thus, it should not be excluded from our considerations that the Tower may have been dedicated to the Zoroastrian Virgin Goddess of Anāhitā, whose name was preserved till modern days as the Maiden (Virgin) Tower.
*Mahir Khalifa-zadeh,
research professor, Ph.D and member of the Canadian Historical Association, and Canadian Political Science Association, Ottawa,
Canada.
**Leyla Khalifazadeh,
university student, Toronto, Canada
References
1- Baku's Maiden Tower Legendary Monument of Mystery, Azerbaijan International, Los Angeles Office Box 5217, Sherman Oaks, CA 91413, USA, http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/42_folder/42_articles/42_maidentower.html
2- Maiden Tower Secrets of the Maiden Tower: What They Reveal about Early Man's Beliefs, Azerbaijan International, Los Angeles Office Box 5217, Sherman Oaks, CA 91413, USA, http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai143_folder/143_articles/143_mt_secrets.html
3- Ashurbeyli S., "New evidences on the history of Baku and the Maiden Tower", in Azerbaijani, Journal of Arts, N2 (14), Azerneshr publishing house, 1972, (Ашурбейли С. Б. Новые изыскания по истории Баку и Девичьей башни), Гобустан, Альманах искусств №2 (14). Азернешр, 1972 (на азерб. языке)
4- Akhundov D., "The Architecture of Ancient And Early Medieval Azerbaijan", in Russian, Baku, 1986, ISBN 5-94628-118-6, Azerneshr publishing house, pp-311, (Ахундов Д. А. Архитектура древнего и раннесредневекового Азербайджана), Баку, Азернешр, 1986, ISBN 5-94628-118-6, стр-311, http://www.ebooks.az/book_0NetTl4d.html#
5- Hassanov H., "Baku's Maiden Tower. A Pagan Monument of Baku", in Russian, ISBN 9789952273793, Baku, 2014, (Гасан Гасанов, Девичья башня : Бакинская Девичья Башня; Языческий комплекс), Баку, 2014, стр 487, ISBN 9789952273793
6- Jonathan M. Bloom and Sheila S. Blair, The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Oxford University Press, 2009, Vol N2. ISBN 9780195309911, page-239, http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001/acref-9780195309911
7- Azerbaijan. Pre-Islamic History, Encyclopedia Iranica, available at: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iii
8- Khalifa-zadeh M., Sasanian Imperial Strategy and King Xusrō I Anōšīrvān's Reform: The Case of Ādurbādagān and Arrān (Caucasian Albania), International Journal of History, 2024, Vol. 6, issue 1, 111- 121, https://doi.org/10.22271/27069109.2024.v6.i1b.271
9- "ANĀHITĀ", Oxford Classical Dictionary,
10- Gignoux, Ph., “ĀDUR-ANĀHĪD,” Encyclopedia Iranica, I/5, p. 472; an updated version is available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/adur-anahid-3rd-century-a
