 |
| Maiden Tower (Azerbaijani: Qiz qalasi), Baku, Azerbaijan |
 |
| Baku's Holy Fire Temple-Tower (Maiden Tower), reconstruction by Prof Davud A.Akhundov |
 |
| Baku Maiden Tower, painting, Tahir Salahov |
The
Maiden Tower (Azerbaijani:
Qiz qalasi) is a legendary and world-famous landmark in Baku,
Azerbaijan; and since 2001, the tower, along with Baku's Walled City (Old City)
and the Palace of Shirvanshahs (Azerbaijani: Şirvanşahlar Sarayı), has been included on UNESCO's World Heritage
List.
Numerous scientific
sources have confirmed Baku’s Maiden Tower as being a paramount example of
Zoroastrianism and pre-Islamic architecture in Azerbaijan and Iran. In
particular, some archaeological and architectural evidence indicates the tower
to be the Holy Fire Temple-Tower of Zoroastrians, dating back to approximately
the eighth to seventh century BC. As scientists argue, the tower had seven fire
exits on the top, symbolizing the Zoroastrian "seven steps" or
"seven skies" to get to heaven.
Legends and mysteries
There exists a rich
pool of mysteries and legends related to Baku's Maiden Tower that have come
down to the present day. However, some key mysteries remain unresolved: What is
the tower's purpose? Why does the tower have the kind of design it has?
The tower is covered by a cloud
of legends and epics deeply rooted in Azerbaijan's history, religion, and
culture. Some legends have even become the subject of scenarios for ballets and
theatre plays that have themselves become part of Azerbaijan's national
heritage and identity. In particular, one such play is the Maiden Tower ballet,
a world-class Azerbaijani masterpiece created by the Azerbaijani composer
Afrasiyab Badalbeyli in 1940, of which a remake was performed in 1999.
Interestingly, up to
20 legends are related to the Maiden Tower, a large number of which connect to
Baku's medieval or Islamic period. However, at least two such legends, which have
come down to the present day, are deeply rooted in Azerbaijan's Zoroastrian or
pre-Islamic period. We believe that the most impressionable and colorful story
to come out of Baku's ancient Maiden Tower is the Zoroastrian legend of the
virgin girl savior with fire-colored hair.
Legend of
Fire-Color-Haired Virgin Girl Savior
A long time ago, there existed the ancient town-fortress of Atāsh-i Bagawān (note: means "God's Fire", ancient name of Baku). The fortress had a Fire Temple-Tower. At one point in Atāsh-i Bagawān's history, the enemy managed to encircle the fortress. The enemy requested that Atāsh-i Bagawān's people surrender, but they refused. Consequently, the enemy launched a siege to demolish the fortress and capture all the inhabitants into slavery. As a result, many fortress defenders died while attempting to stop the enemy's attacks.
The enemy's commander ordered the cutting of water supply lines in an attempt to overthrow the fortress's defenders. Everybody in the fortress was thirsty. They had no water, nor food only blood and death. The magupat (note: chief priest or chief of the Magi, Pahlavi: Maguš) together with the other mowbeds (priests) prayed to the Holy Fire that was kept in the fortress's Fire Temple Tower, asking the God Ahura Mazdā to help and protect people. They prayed day by day and night by night, appealing to the All-Mighty and Merciful Ahura Mazdā to save their lives and push back the enemy.
Finally, Ahura Mazdā heard the Magi and people's prayers.
One day, people saw a large piece of the Holy Fire falling from the top of the
Fire Temple-Tower. A beautiful girl came up from the fire. She had long
fire-colored hair. The crowd went down on their knees and started to pray to
her. The girl said, not worry. I am here to help and protect you! Give me a
sword and helmet! The enemy must not see my girl's hair. Open a fortress
gate!"
Meanwhile, the enemy
commander was waiting outside for a one-on-one fight with the fortress
pahlevan. If the fortress pahlevan were to win the fight, the enemy's army
would subsequently back away. However, if the enemy commander were to win, the
fortress would be destroyed, and the surviving inhabitants would be enslaved.
The fortress gate opened, and the enemy commander saw that the pahlevan was coming for the hand-to-hand combat. The heavy battle began. In one of the god-blessing moments that ensued, the fortress pahlevan unhorsed the enemy and put a knife directly on his neck. The enemy commander screamed, "You win! Who are you? Take your helmet off. I want to see your face, Pahlevan!" He removed the helmet and saw that the fortress pahlevan was a beautiful girl with long, fire-colored hair. He exclaimed, "Oh, you are a girl! You are a brave and beautiful girl! If the girls of your fortress are so brave, I will never capture it! Do not kill me, beauty!"
He fell in love with her
because of her beauty and bravery. He asked her to marry him. Surely, the girl
did not kill him. She fell in love with him too because of his open heart.
In the end, the enemy
did not capture the fortress, and the locals named the Maiden
Tower.
Legend of Holy Virgin Girl Savior
Long ago, the fortress city of Bādkūba (note: means "city where the wind blows", another old name of Baku, in Persian: بادکوبه) was besieged by the enemy. Bādkūba had three lines of defense walls, but the enemy had all encircled them.
The siege continued for more than ninety days. Inside the fortress, close to the sea, there was a high and black steaming tower temple, in which old Zoroastrian rituals were performed to save the Holy Fire. The temple’s supreme mowbed (magupat/ chief priest) Egirwand executed old fire rituals, proclaiming to the worshipers: “Tomorrow, the Shah will be killed by the unknown and virginal power.”
Suddenly, the temple
door was opened and a virgin girl with flaming hair came out. She was
illuminated by the temple’s holy fire and held a flaming sword in her hands.
Covered by the flame, she exited the temple and stood by the principal mowbed (magupat).
The magupat said, “You must save the Holy City, a capital of eternal fires, and save
the Tower that created you!”
Thus, the moonfaced
flaming girl looked for the last time at the temple tower and went into battle against
General Nureddin and his troops. She kept her promise and saved her countrymen.
But she fell in love with the enemy general, whom she killed with her sword. However,
she killed herself as well, stabbing her own shoulder with the sword and giving
her soul to the Holy Fire Temple. After her death, the winds of Khazri and
Gilavar blew strongly for seven days. Since then, the Temple’s fires have
stopped burning, and the Temple was named the Maiden Tower (Qiz Qalasi) after
the holy virgin girl savior.
Legend of Why Baku
Tower's Fires Stopped Burning
Once upon a time, the enemy besieged the fortress of Bādkūba. However, Bādkūba's people refused to give up. They decided to fight to the end and defend their lives. They fought with great bravery, but the situation inside the fortress increasingly worsened. The enemy launched a tight siege to overthrow the defenders and cut off their water supply. Meanwhile, the supreme Magi (magupat/ Maguš) and other mowbeds (priests) prayed to the All-Mighty God Ahura Mazdā in the fortress's Holy Fire Temple-Tower. They prayed to Ahura Mazdā for help.
After several days of nonstop praying, Ahura Mazdā heard the priests' and Magi's blessings. A strong and devastating earthquake occurred, perishing the enemy troops. Thus, the All-Mighty Ahura Mazdā destroyed the enemy and Bādkūba's people escaped slavery, but the Holy Fires stopped burning on top of Bādkūba's Fire Temple-Tower.
Comments: Why is
Baku's Tower Named the Maiden Tower?
Intriguingly, except
for the legendary background, no historical explanation or archaeological or written evidence describes why the tower was named the
Maiden Tower. In this case, we have to explore possible religious explanations.
Indeed, it is likely that the tower is named the Maiden Tower because it was never destroyed by the enemy. From the religious perspective, the temple was never humiliated or desecrated by evil/ Ahriman (Avestan: Angra/Aŋra Mainyu). Therefore, if the tower wasn’t desecrated by enemy/evil (Ahriman), so it would continue to be a "virgin" (untouched) - hence, a "Maiden" Tower-Temple of Zoroastrian God Ahura Mazdā.
 |
| 4th-6th century silver and gilt Sassanian vessel assumed to be
depicting Goddess Anahita, (Cleveland Museum of Art, PA, USA) |
In the meantime, there is an unconfirmed hypothesis that Baku’s Maiden Tower is named a “Maiden” because the temple is dedicated to two associated deities, Fire and Anāhitā and so it is Ādur-Anāhīd or Fire of Anāhitā.
The Goddess Anāhitā (Avestan: Ardvī Sūrā Anāhitā) is one of the major divinities in Zoroastrianism and is the goddess of purity, fertility, healing, wisdom, and water “she who possesses waters”. Notably, the tower was built close to the water - on the shore of the Caspian Sea. Additionally, it should be noted, that Greek geographer Strabo mentioned that the people of Arrān (Latin: Albania, present-day Azerbaijan) revered the goddess of moon and fertility Anāhitā-Selena.
Interestingly,
Sasanian King Shāpūr I (r. 240-270 CE) established many Bāhram fires for his
soul Xusraw Šāhbūhr and his daughter Xusraw Ādur-Anāhīd in Ērānšahr (Iran)
and surrounding lands.
Indeed, the tower has visible signs of the Sasanian construction methods, which were used to build the fire temple in Ādur Gušnasp in Iranian Azerbaijan (Pahlavi: Ādurbādagān), (now Azar Goshnasp Fire Temple complex in Takht-e Soleyman, West Azerbaijan province, Iran) and Darband fortress in Arrān (Caucasian Albania).
In Sum, it should not be excluded from the considerations that the Tower may have been dedicated to the Zoroastrian Virgin Goddess of Anāhitā, whose name was preserved till modern days as the Maiden (Virgin) Tower.
*Mahir Khalifa-zadeh, research professor, Ph.D, member of the Canadian Historical Association, and Canadian Political Science Association, Ottawa, Canada.
**Leyla Khalifazadeh, York University, Toronto, Canada
Conflict of interests: Authors declares that they have no conflict of interest.
References
1- Baku's Maiden Tower Legendary Monument of Mystery, Azerbaijan International, Los Angeles Office Box 5217, Sherman Oaks, CA 91413, USA, http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/42_folder/42_articles/42_maidentower.html
2- Maiden Tower Secrets of the Maiden Tower: What They Reveal about Early Man's Beliefs, Azerbaijan International, Los Angeles Office Box 5217, Sherman Oaks, CA 91413, USA, http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai143_folder/143_articles/143_mt_secrets.html
3- Ashurbeyli S., "New evidences on the history of Baku and the Maiden Tower", in Azerbaijani, Journal of Arts, 1972, N2 (14), Azerneshr publishing house, in Azerbaijani, (Ашурбейли С. Б. Новые изыскания по истории Баку и Девичьей башни), Гобустан, Альманах искусств 1972, №2 (14). Азернешр, 1972 (на азерб. языке)
4- Akhundov D., "The Architecture of Ancient And Early Medieval Azerbaijan", in Russian, Baku, 1986, ISBN 5-94628-118-6, Azerneshr publishing house, pp-311, (Ахундов Д. А. Архитектура древнего и раннесредневекового Азербайджана), Баку, Азернешр, 1986, pp 311, https://archive.org/details/arkhitektura-drevneqo-i-rannesrednevekovoqo-azerbaydjana
5- Hassanov H., "Baku's Maiden Tower. A Pagan Monument of Baku", in Russian, ISBN 9789952273793, Baku, 2014, (Гасан Гасанов, Девичья башня : Бакинская Девичья Башня; Языческий комплекс), Баку, 2014, 487.
6- Jonathan M. Bloom and Sheila S. Blair, "The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture", Oxford University Press, 2009, Vol N2, 239, http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001/acref-9780195309911
7- "Azerbaijan. Pre-Islamic History", Encyclopedia Iranica, available at: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iii
8- Khalifa-zadeh M., Sasanian Imperial Strategy and King Xusrō I Anōšīrvān's Reform: The Case of Ādurbādagān and Arrān (Caucasian Albania), International Journal of History, 2024, Vol. 6, issue 1, pp 111- 121, https://doi.org/10.22271/27069109.2024.v6.i1b.271
9- "ANĀHITĀ", Oxford Classical Dictionary, available at: https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-399
10- Gadjiyev M., The Mission of Bishop Israel Context of the Historical Geography of Caucasian Albania, In: “From Albania to Arrān The East Caucasus between the Ancient and Islamic Worlds (ca. 330 BCE–1000 CE)”, Ed: Robert Hoyland, Gorgias Studies in Classical and Late Antiquity, Gorgias Press 2020, Vol. 25, 109-120, https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463239893-009
11- Gignoux, Ph., “ĀDUR-ANĀHĪD,” Encyclopedia Iranica, I/5, p. 472; an updated version is available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/adur-anahid-3rd-century-a
12- Khalifa-zadeh M, Khalifazadeh L., "Baku's Maiden Tower: Zoroastrian Legends & Architectural Mysteries", Obscure Histories, 2023, USA, https://www.obscurehistories.org/post/baku-s-maiden-tower-zoroastrian-legends-architectural-mysteries
13- Khalifa-zadeh M., Khalifazadeh L., "Zoroastrian Legends of the Baku Maiden Tower", IRS-HERITAGE, 2023, N 55, pp 33-39, Baku, Azerbaijan, https://irs-az.com/sites/default/files/2023-09/Heritage_55_2023%20%28small%29%20copy%204.pdf
